Farm Size and Efficiency Comparative Profit Analysis

1. Introduction The largest and biggest contributor to Bangladeshs economy is the unpolished firmament. Seen much as the unsung hero of our growth revolution, it still serves as the virtually signifi hatfult industry in this country. In spite of its large contribution to employment, relatively speaking, its contribution to GNP falls short of expectations. Hence, as with other developing countries, the agriculture sphere in Bangladesh can be classified as predominantly being traditional.This implies that it is mainly comp purloind of small households that suffer from technological stagnancy, incapable labor, and supply chain and foodstuff gene linkage problems. In spite of this, a modern agriculture sector does exists which enjoys substantial economies of cuticle. It is a soundly established fact that with ontogenesis in scale of output, efficiency additions up to an optimum augur and this composing will put this to the try on by investigating whether this holds true in the agriculture sector as well. 2. Problem statementIdeally, authorities polity should be directed towards increasing the capacity of the traditional agriculture sector in order to trans material body it towards a more modern ane. How perpetually, with a weak local disposal coordinate, lack of strategic planning and corruption, effective government support towards this sector cannot be expected. Even if policy makers could come up with viable policies to help rural geters, it would be precise costly as most of these rural husbandmans be too small and dispersed in remote areas. Therefore, all aggregate evolution would either fail in cost effectiveness or fail in implementations.This leads to the point that increase in farm size needs to take place in the grassroots level This paper therefore will look into the possibility of rural farmers connector together to pool in their limited technology, land, labor and skills to come through some form of economies of scale that c an increase their efficiency and get the costs. Such a framework could be done in the mood of a producers conjunctive. An agriculture joint is a type of cooperative that unites hoidenish producers for merchandise or other activities needed by the members (such as processing, marketing of output, or supply of the recollects of production). An increase in efficiency can be contributed to a variety of factors such as improvement in technology, more efficient use of land, increase in skilled labor etc. While case-by-case quanitative analysis is beyond the scope of this paper, a single variable can be used to do a comparative analysis to see whether be to a cooperative, through which there would be an increase in farm size, actually lead to any increase in efficiency. In price of the variable, discharge profit of individual farmers not be to cooperatives and that of cooperatives will be used.Hence, a guessing can be developed at this point The hypothesis will therefore test the fortune that belong to a co-op leads to increase in profit holding output constant. 3. Literature brushup There has been spacious work done farm size and efficiency, and agricultural cooperatives as an extension. Oduol and Hotta examined the effect of farm size on the productive efficiency of smallholder farms in a landscarce Embu district of Kenya.In particular, the essay seeks to establish the relationship between farmsize and three components of productive efficiency, namely technical, scale and allocative efficiency, Farm Size and plenteous Efficiency Lessons from Smallholder Farms in Embu District, Kenya Judith Beatrice Auma ODUOL1*, Kazuhiko HOTTA2, Shoji SHINKAI2 and Masao TSUJI3 There has been extensive work done on cooperative movement in the agriculture sector by leading academics.However, a point to be noted at the very out fortune is that there is croak evidence of a lack of study in this field in the South Asia region. This is not only surprising but also in dicates a clear need for look for and investigation of this topic with a special focus on countrys like Bangladesh as South Asia is a primary producer of agricultural products. Assistant Professor Richard J. Sexton, in his paper Factors deprecative to the success or failure of emerging agricultural cooperatives provides a powerful insight into the strength and limitations of the cooperative movement in general.He argues that a solid foundation in supply chain and market linkage is critical if agricultural cooperatives are to survive. unsophisticated cooperatives and markets in developing countries by ANSCHEL, K. R. BRANNON, R. H. SMITH, E. D. treats the matter more specifically in context of developing countries. In his study, it was found that belonging to cooperative movement gives farmers a form of institutional support to carry out its production and marketing.Furthermore, a paper titled Revitalizing Market-Oriented Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopia conducted in coopera tion with USAIDs Cooperative Development Program by Tesfaye Assefa provides insightful analysis on a comparative study done on a developing, agriculture developing country standardized to Bangladesh. This study sheds light on the fact that developing countries are particularly in need of farmers receiving certain technical support in order to reduce their costs. Economic analysis on this issue has been dealt with fairly in the text The economic theory of farming(prenominal) institutions, Bardhan, P.K. (eds. ). Oxford (United Kingdom) Oxford University Press, 1991. Finally, the future prospects and potential of the cooperative movement has been addressed in the paper Future Roles for Agricultural Cooperatives by Peter Helmberger where he argued that agricultural cooperatives will take on a larger role in the coming years with the ski tow in linkage with large food retailers. A paper titled AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVES ROLE IN FOOD SECURITY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT investigated the link between the need for food security and the schooling of agricultural co-operatives.This is a highly important point as food security is seen as one of the major threats to the 21st century. The role of cooperatives into only being a profit fashioning structure, but also a socially beneficial function in ground of addressing the question of food security should not be taken lightly. This is especially true in a country like Bangladesh where the current government is aggressively trying to address the problem of food security for one of the most densely dwell countries.In terms of classifying the agriculture sector in a more academic sphere of economics, it can be deduced that a developing countrys agriculture sector is divided into the traditional agriculture sector comprising of unskilled, self sufficient rural households and the modern agriculture sector consisting of a capital intensive, efficient, large scale producer. T. W. Schultz, in his paper highlighted the significance of transforming these traditional sectors into a more modern agriculture sectors and the possible consequences of these in the development process, Schultz T. W (1964),Transforming Traditional Agriculture, Yale University Press, New Haven. One of the underlying reasons for a larger farming structure in the form of cooperatives is the technological innovation that comes along with it. Bachman, K. L and Christensen highlighted the need to remove technological stagnation from the traditional agriculture sector in order to achieve long term development, Bachman, K. L and Christensen, R. P (1967), The Economics of Farm Size, in Southworth, H. M and lavatoryston, B. F. (eds), Agricultural Development and Economic Growth, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Finally, Berry and Cline investigated the correlation coefficient in productivity and farming structure and found there to be a positive manner between increased output and productivity levels, Berry, D. A. and Cline, W. R. (1979), Agra rian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. This study provided a case in point about the possible role of cooperatives in making the traditional agriculture sector much more productive. 4. Study methodology Secondary data from the purchasable records of Ferdous Biotech Pvt. Ltd, an agro-based company based in Gazipur has been used to compile these statistics.The data has been derived from potato farmers that the company employs in the Union region of Bangladesh. Regional variations nurse been held constant while similar output levels have been selected between farmers belonging to co-ops and not belonging to them so that a single variable (profit) can be tested. Further assumptions have been made in terms of seasonal variability being minimum and fertility put downing terrene changes. The data was tabulated and statistic measures such as central listencies, bar charts and hypothesis testing was undertaking to infer the da ta.SPSS software product was used for most of the data analysis. It should be noted out that some of the data was filtered out due(p) to create an appropriate sample. 5. Descriptive statistical analysis As seen in the frequencydistribution table that in to each one corresponding category of data with holding output constant, the farmers belonging to co ops show a signficinant rise in profits as opposed to those not belonging to co ops. While there are certain variations, there are not signficant enough to be inferred as statistically inconsistent. A clear trend analysis of the data can be seen from the chart seen above titlted Profitibality Study.For most data, belonging to to co-ops as signified by the blue forbid shows a higher(prenominal) trend then the red bars indiciating profits by farmers not belonging to co ops. The measures of central tendency for these data show a significant variation. The middle values for each profit level stands at 75650 and 73100 respectively with the highest frequency for each category (with co op and without co op) standing at 60050 and 42400 as well. The average profit shown by farmers belonging to co ops stands at 81590 while those opting out of co opt standing at 79986.These values all the way shows that belonging to a co op does lead to better off profits as seen by the higher central tendency values in each category. This can be extended to be prove through the lowest values and highest values also. The lowest value for farmers in co ops stand at 14000 while those for without co ops are at 12500. Corresponding higher values are at 160300 and 159200, with the track down standing at 146300 and 73100 for co-ops and without co-ops respectively. In terms of the quartiles, Q1 stood at 42075 and 41450 for co-ops and without co-ops while Q3 stood at 121925 and 118050 respectively.It is worth noting at this point that from central tendencies along, it can be inferred that consistently, farmers belonging to a larger farm size in terms of co-operatives show a higher profit levels than those not belonging to such co-operatives. However, there is significant spreading in the data that can be seen through the standard deviation for each data set standing at 46106. 9 and 45687. 8 respectively. Dispersion between the data as used for the development of the confidence interval, the standard deviation here stands at 8636. 9.In terms of the confidence level the range is at -2556. 076 to 5763. 74 As stated in the problem statement the hypothesis will there test the probability that belonging to co-ops leading to increase in profit holding output constant. To analyze this, a hypothesis test was undertaken using SPSS and the results are presented below Hypothesis T-Test One-Sample Statistics NMeanStd. DeviationStd. Error Mean cabbage With Co-ops3081590. 166746106. 984718417. 94519 Profits Without Co-ops3079986. 333345687. 855448341. 42301 One-Sample Test Test evaluate = 0 tdfSig. 2-tailed)Mean Difference Profits With Co-ops9. 69229. 00081590. 16667 Profits Without Co-ops9. 58929. 00079986. 33333 One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference LowerUpper Profits With Co-ops64373. 535698806. 7977 Profits Without Co-ops62926. 207797046. 4589 It is clear from the above results that with the mean for co-ops consistently being higher than that of profits of farmers not belonging to co-ops that the hypothesis cannot be rejected. Therefore, belonging to co-ops does tend to show a higher profitability than in absence of it. . Summary The test results clearly ground that belonging to co ops show a significant increase in profits. While there are certain variations in the data, these could be due to miscalculations due to large number of sample data or through farmers misinterpretation of market calculations as well. There are quite a few justifications for the results that have been shown. Clearly belonging to such co ops increases the technical capacity of the farmers to a chieve lower costs and higher revenues leading to increase in profits.Through marketing economies of scale, they are able to sell at a better rate while their technical economies such as specialization and indivisibility of capital allows them to achieve the lower costs as stated above. In conclusion the data clearly supports the hypothesis that belonging to co-ops is a much better option for farmers then not doing so. This leaves us with the question in terms of farm size and efficiency, is there a role for the cooperative movement? While the tests results clearly show hat belonging to co-operatives leads to an increase in profit, this point comes with strong qualifications because a profit function in itself cannot be used to make absolute inferences regarding efficiency. This is especially true due to the fact that most of the agrarian households belong to the traditional sector and as discussed earlier, they suffer from certain problems such as technological stagnation, unskill ed labor and lack of capital. These serve as a major impediment towards achieving efficiency.While belonging to cooperatives may deal in certain economies of scale which may mitigate some of these problems, the underlying problem of transforming the traditional agricultural sector a modern one would need much more than just formation of co-operatives. It requires extensive long term technological and financial investment by the government and the non government sector. There is no doubting the role of agriculture in the economy of Bangladesh, but with regards to the extent to which it can contribute to an ever modernizing economy is up for debate.Appendix I Output (Kgs) Profit (Co-ops)Profit (Without Co-ops) 2001400012500 2501750016300 3001880017500 3502320021300 4002780026800 4503210031050 5003750038600 5504360042400 6004820042400 6505340052100 7005960060050 7506005062300 8006005064700 8506890066300 9007350070000 9507780076200 10008340084000 10508900087060 11009750096000 11501001 0598030 1200110500105500 1250115600110300 1300120300117200 1350126800120600 1400130100125200 1450141500139300 1500147300148200 1550152400151300 1600156900157200 1650160300159200

Newspapers’ role in society Essay

throne media is a distinctive element of todays society. Together, the different elements are a product of social change, forced regulations, rising living standards, and technological modernization. Mass media includes mediums such as magazines, television, internet, radio, cinema, video games, and cellular telephones. The capacity to pot communicate with these devices has had such a massive impact that Denis McQuail describes that the mass media has primary and crucial greatness for the integration of the diverse secular humankinds of modern men into coherence and unity (32). There is no enquiry among theorists that media is influencing society, but there are different theories that suggest that it may be society influencing media, not media influencing society. This quiz shall look at tidingspapers past and present, and how they will continue to affect the world we live in.In the early 1950s after WWII, American communication do deep inroads into Europe, and words like mass, personal effects, and functions organized search on both sides of the Atlantic (Curran 407). Almost a decade later, some of the biggest research took place in 1959, when Elihu Katz argued that people need to concentrate less on what the media do to people and more on what people do with media (McQuail 71). Dennis McQuail sides with Katz, in believing that peoples contact with media is of utmost importance, stating, media is helping in enabling people to bring about a more satisfying relationship between themselves and the people around them (71).The views are across the board, pointing in both directions, but research continues even today as to what goal life is changing because of emerging technologies. Not only the substance of what is being communicated is important, but just as vital is the process. Technological innovations wealthy person assisted in supplying content for our media forms, and also the circuits and motherboards of how they are made are affecting the ways which society operates. Both aspects have a hand in the insertion of the world we live in today, and should be realized when reading this essay.Mass media first appeared on the shooter as intelligence agencypapers. The newspaper was the first medium of communication with a genuinely mass character. U.S newspaper firms had sulky growth until the 1800s. It was in the 1830s that the population concentration in cities and the spread of mass literacy provideda market for mass press (Wells 7). The news could finally be spread on paper, rather than word of mouth. The entire world was suddenly in-the-know about what was happening around them. Newspapers made the transition from the realm of the educated, to serving a roomy range of people from this time thought the Civil War (Grant, Meadows 8). The development of advertize, telegraph, and improved production methods have assisted newspapers in reaching a worldwide audience, and eventually being the main source of news for years t o come.To this day 97% of towns have only one newspaper to choose from for local news (Wells 7). This idea of newspaper monopolies is discouraging to the market, because only one view is being seen on the issue. No whizz company is at fault though, because starting a newspaper or radio station these long time requires far more investment and risk then in previous years. Despite other forms of news, the newspapers constancy is still growing today. In 2002, there were over 10,000 newspaper firms in the United States, and over half(prenominal) the country reading a newspaper daily (Grant, Meadows 9).The future of newspapers looks to be heading toward the digital world, against some(prenominal) wishes of traditional newspaper readers. Flexibility from digital methods has increased newspapers ability to deliver zoned sports that reduce unprofitable readership in areas far away from print facilities (Grant, Meadows 10). By the end of the 20th century, over two-thirds of U.S. newspap ers maintained websites that offered classified advertising (Grant, Meadows 10). According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, the majority of the population prefers to purchase the printed edition rather than viewing the electronic edition (Grant, Meadows 11). This may change though, because digital news is rather new, and websites such as cnn.com can be updated on the hour informing viewers of up-to-the minute news, instead of waiting for the next days edition to contact that same news.McQuail, Denis. Towards a Sociology of Mass Communication. capital of the United Kingdom. MacMillian Publishers Limited, 1968Curran, James, Gurevitich, Michael, Woolacott, Janet. Mass Communication andSociety. 1st ed. London Edward Arnold Publishers, 1979Katz, Elihu, Szecsko, Tamas. Mass Media and Social Change. London Sage.1981Wells, Alan. Mass Media and Society. Palo Alto, National Press Books. 1972Grant, August and Jennifer Meadows. Communication Technology Update. Oxford Focal Press, 2004.

Legal Research on the laws, which impose caps or limits on punitive Paper

Legal on the laws, which impose caps or limits on retaliatory modify for tort recovery in all the states of USA - Research Paper ExampleAlabama Alabama enroll S. 6-5-410 (a) states that punitive damages can be levied for unfair actions, negligence or omission of any undivided or company. Upon proving negligence, the above section allows to claim for punitive damages. S 6-11-20(a) permits for punitive damages in courtly cases where it has been demonstrated that the suspect wantonly or consciously involved in fraud, malevolence or fraud. For proving malice and fraud, there should be a presence of an intentional act. Alabama State proscribes the award of punitive damages in litigation against a master when a case is filed low vicarious liability or against state agencies.AlaskaSec.09.17.020 of Alaska statute permits to claim punitive damages.As per this section , the punitive damages for outrageous , reckless acts pass on be awarded either of the following, and it should not exc eed the greater of Three times of compensatory damages levied to the claimant.A meat of $ 500,000.There are separate limits for employees who have been injured by the action of employers.If a claimant is awarded punitive damages, accordingly the court entrust insist that half of the punitive damages awarded shall have to be paid into prevalent fund of the state. If the punitive damages is covered by an insurance policy , then the insurer will have to pay the punitive damages to the claimant on behalf of the defendant unless if there is any exclusion clause for the coverage of PD.PD. Christopher T.Stidvent , Tort Reform in Alaska Much Ado about Nothing? , 16 Alaska L.Rev. 61 (1999) (March 30, 2012), http//www.lexis.com 3 Arizona There is no statute setting cap on punitive damages under tort in Arizona. However , there exists case laws on the subject. In Hyatt Regency genus Phoenix Hotel Co. v Winston & Strawn , it was held that for recovering punitive damages under Arizonas law , the claimant has to demonstrate that defendant involved in outrageous and aggravated demeanor with an evil mind. The same view was held in some Arizona cases like Rawlings v Apodaca, Thompson v Better-Bit Aluminums Prod. Co also. InGurule v Illinois Mutual feeling & Cas. Co. , it was held that if a defendant acts with the required evil mind , thereby by defrauding , injuring or intentionally mediating with the privileges of others , by disrespecting the risk of poignant harm to them. Bruce C .King and Carol J.Patterson, Ethics, 25 Construction Lawyer Journal. 5, (2005) (March 30, 2012), http//www.lexis.com 4 argon Under ARK CODE ANN 16-55-207 as amended in 2010 , a claimant should convince the onus of evidence demanded under 16-55-206 by obvious and convincing proof so as to recover punitive damages

Security Roles In An Organization Research Paper

Security Roles In An Organization - Research Paper exemplificationIt is for this reason that the protection of an organizations asset is very relevant for the growth and development of the organizations. For most(prenominal) organizations, in that location are specialized departments and units that take care of the management of their assets. Protection of asset is however seen in most contexts as a tribute issue and so its management and for that matter protection is left field in the care of competent shelter professional persons. In this paper, the results gathered from an interview with security personnel on the role security plays in protecting an organizations assets are discussed. Professional responsibilities of security conductors bingle of the major aspects of the interview touched on the roles that various security professionals play in the organizations. With a special emphasis on the security theatre director, it was realized that the role that the security plays in the organization is multi-variant. What this convey is that the security directors role cuts across several aspects of the organizations asset management. Generally, the security director is expected to protect two major types of asset, namely tangible and intangible assets (Kolsaker and Lee-Kelley, 2008). Tangible assets are those types of assets that finish be touched and seen such as vehicles, money, buildings, machinery, computers, manufactured products, and others. Intangible assets are those assets that cannot be seen or touched. These involve database, copyright property, human capital, talent pipeline, organizational strategy, among others. As part of protection, the security director is mandated to prevent loss. This means that the security director is obliged to ensure that the quantitative value of the companys asset bequeath either remain same or they will appreciate. Under no justifiable condition should there be a reduction. To make this position, investigation s and other administrative and managerial plumps are required. In effect, the security director uses a preventive approach to protection so that losses will not occur earlier means of retrieving losses would even be talked about. Critical skills required for security personnel Having noted the learning of responsibility that the security director and for that matter security had in protecting the asset of the organization, the question of tiny skills required for the execution of the roles were asked. It would be noted that the rendering of security service is seen as a professional duty and so comes with some well defined skills and knowledge that a person ought to possess in order to function effectively in that duty (Gray, 2004). The interviewee thus stressed that, observational skills, critical cerebration skills, organizational skills, self control, innovativeness, being visionary, and interpersonal relationship were all skills that were needed for a person to function act ively. From the skills that were named by the interviewee, there were three major categorizations that could be given to them. The first of these is personal development skills indorsement is group development skills and third is organization development skills. In effect, the critical skills required for a security coordinator to succeed should be ones that make the coordinator proactive as a person, gives him the ability to work effectively in a team, and finally take the holistic skill of functioning

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Brief a pillow slip - demonstrate ExampleAt one point the cars pulled up alongside one another and the drivers spoke to distributively other. A profession stop involving the Ford discovered cocaine and DeLatorre had been observed driving by the traffic stop twice and slowing down to observe the scene. A search warrant executed on the home uncovered more drug-related evidence. DeLatorre was subsequently arrested and charged with conspiracy to possess and distribute cocaine and aiding and abetting possession with intent to distribute.Legal Issues Delatorre appealed his convictions on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to substantiate the conviction on each of the counts. In particular, Delatorre argued that the probative value of the evidence against him was outweighed by its prejudicial effect. Delatorre also argued that the trial resolve abused the discretion by allowing the prosecutions expert witness to give evidence on issues that fell outside of the witnesss e xpertise.Legal Reasoning Referring to the Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 702, the appellate tap ruled that experts may testify to any fact or opinion based on change knowledge that will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue provided the expert is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education (Rule 702). Moreover, if the salute errs in determining the expertise of a specific expert witness pursuant(predicate) to the definition provided in Rule 702, the conviction will not be overturned if the error was innocuous (United States v Carrazana, 921 F.2d 1557 (11th Cir. 1991). The expert witness testified to drug language and schemes characteristic of the illegal drug trade. The appellate court ruled that courts have allowed Drug Enforcement Officers to testify as experts relative to drug trades language and schemes. In this case the appellate court was satisfied that the expert witness, as a Drug Enforcemen t Officer had the necessary

Japan's Postwar Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Japans Postwar Foreign policy - Essay ExampleGiven that there are facts to support this argument, this paper will identify leash ways in which Dower sees Japans postwar foreign policy mold by the experience of castigate and occupation. The paper will also include insights into the ways of embracing wipe out middling as set herein by John Dower then summarize all the primary(prenominal) points.Analytical review of embracing defeat shows that occupation and defeat of Japan played a major role in shaping this countrys postwar foreign policy. This is because Dower explains absorbingly that after the American forces imposed democracy, the people of Japan experienced an atmosphere of uncertainty and flux. Effective archival, as well as Japanese academic sources, captured that the atmosphere came along with suicidal despair accompanied by surrender. It is of paramount magnificence to note that Japan and the United States share a mutual and long-lasting international relationship. Additionally, the presence of the GIs draw a huge spectrum of gratitude towards its generosity. Based on this observation, Dower set forth that defeat and occupation shaped Japans postwar foreign policy as democracy unleashed things like creative energy, blacken market entrepreneurship, and prostitution (79). Therefore, it is agreeable that Americas imposition of the revolution that led to six years of occupation and the undeniable transformation of Japan into a democratic country is indeed one of the major ways in which Dower sees Japans postwar foreign policy shaped by its experience of defeat and occupation.For quite a long time, Japan has continued to struggle to attain favorable relations with her beside Asian countries. Ideally, this has been so because of the foreign policy set in place by the American occupation. Indeed, the separate way in which Dower finds Japans postwar foreign policy shaped by the experience of defeat and occupation. Obviously, this goes with the pr agmatic change in politics in this country. Having introduced the aspect of

Discernment Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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