Reflective Practice Essay Example for Free

Reflective Practice EssayI am writing this reflective daybook in accordance with the CNOs reflective practice standards and the LEARN model. Though my condemnation on 600A has only just begun I founder learned so much. Like many second year students, this is my starting time experience in the hospital. It has proven to be much different than my previous clinical experiences. My time with my offset printing client stands out in my mind as a key learning experience.I like to believe that I am feel for and human with everyone I meet, especially in a professional setting. This particular client was a lady in her early 80s. She was good natured and very easy to pay along with. She was cognitively aware and quite bright. As a result of bowel surgery she had an ostomy. This was new to her and I could tell she was unsure well-nigh it. My first day with her we did a lot of chatting and sharing. She told me round her husband, children and cautiousnesser as a kindergarten teache r. This helped build a certain level of comfort with me as a deal outgiver.I had her to come for walks with me down the hall and once she was up and moving she said she felt much better. I helped her with her first shower post-op. I do her go through more comfortable by promising to stay outside the door while she was in there. When she was finished, I helped her to apply lotion to her dry skin and at her request gave her a good back rub. My shift ended and I said my goodbyes. My client told me she was sad to see me go and was looking forward to my dispel the next morning.That night when I went home I did some search into ostomies. Through my textbooks and previous experience I had a solid knowledge of the rudimentary reverence but just in case I wanted to refresh.I was excited to return to clinical the next morning. My client had a cock-a-hoop smile for me when I walked into her room. Throughout the evening the ostomy nurse had come in, did some assessments and quickly taug ht my client how to empty and clean the apparatus. Unfortunately since the nurse was very meddlesome she did not have the time practice with her. My client told me she was unsure and nervous about performing the task. Since I had taken the extra time to do the research the night before, I was able to take the client intothe bathroom and walk her through the steps. I had the knowledge necessary to put my client at console and make her feel more comfortable with this new situation.My client went home that day while I was still on shift. Before she left she thanked me and told me she wouldnt have felt ready to discontinue if I had not been able to teach her about the appliance. She even made sure I met her husband and he thanked me as well. I felt very proud to be a student nurse that day. I believe I had a positive pertain on that client. I took the time to care for the client and attend to her post-operative needs.As the former president of the CNO, Sandra Ireland said, Nursing is not like any other individualal line of credit it is a profession that allows us to influence lives in ways that we know and ways that we cannot imagine. Clients and families carry with them the words of comfort, caring and encouragement you say during difficult multiplication and throughout the rest of their lives. (Ireland, 1998) My client had a big adjustment to make and I was there to erect the support she needed. By taking the time to care about my client, not only as a client but as a person I was able to make her stay at the hospital a better experience for her and her family. She felt comfortable and well cared for and her husband was more at ease knowing people were there to care when he couldnt be. I was able to anticipate the clients needs and prepare myself to assist with those needs as they arose.The Sault College Practical Nursing curriculum beliefs on caring are outlined in the student success guide. It states, Caring is the essence of nursing practice. When c aring is the foundation for helping relationships, each person is a partner in growth towards optimal health. The interpersonal connection between caregiver and client transcends time, gender and technology. It is our view that caring, as an interpersonal interaction can be learned. A caring nurse strives for competence and excellence in the professional practice.Caring can be modeled, acquired, practiced, perfected and evaluated. (Sault College of Applied humanistic discipline Technology School of Health Community Services, 2008) Based on this principle of caring I feel I did a good job of caring for my client post-operative needs. I was able to form acaring relationship with her. I was competent in the skills I performed with her and she left me healthier than when we first met.My care was lacking a holistic approach. Looking back I did an excellent job at caring for this woman and her new ostomy but I forgot about just the woman. Lois White explains, nursing the whole person physical, emotional, intellectual, psychological, spiritual and sociocultural, is essential to ensure the health and well-being of a client in the healthcare system. By ignoring the other areas I did not provide the trump out care Im capable of. She may have had some self-esteem issues related to having this appliance or concerns about how others leave alone react, especially her family and friends. An ostomy is a huge adjustment to make and as the nurse I could have offered some support.The more time I get to practice caring and working on interpersonal connections with clients the better I will be at caring. I believe caring is an art and a skill and they only way to perfect it is to do it. I will try spending more time thinking and training how I am going care for my clients. I will reflect on how my work with clients affected them and gauge this with their reactions. The client themselves are in the best position to evaluate my skills as a caregiver.This week when I return to the clinical setting I will put my new approach into action. later data collecting I will think about more about the holistic person than just treatments involved with their current surgery or illness. I will do my best to identify any issues fears the client is facing and offer support for these. I will speak to my client about their mental and social wellness and do my best to assess their status within my scope. If nothing more I may be able to offer brochures or phone numbers for support groups in the area.While working with the nurses, I will observe their interactions with the clients and the care they provide. I will attempt to enjoyment the good I see and learn from the bad. If I scrape up someone with a style of caring I truly admire I will find time to discuss it with them and take in any jewels of wisdomthey have to offer me.At the end of the day or when I find a quiet moment I will reflect on the care I provided that day. I will think about my clients, and how I made them feel. My goal is receive positive feedback from all the clients I interact with each clinical day, whether it is verbal or a simple smile. I will leave my clients knowing that I provided them with the best, holistic care I could.I would also like to take some time either on a cracking or after clinical ends and really talk to my classmates about how they feel they are doing. We could discuss not just the new skills we learned and may have preformed, as per usual, but their progress with caring. Through this reflection I expanded my definition of care. I have always provided good care for my clients ailments but I never took the time to really think about everything they may need to feel well again. Secondly I realized in order to be a truly caring nurse you need to take the time to think about your actions and interactions with clients. Reflecting back on the day, whether it is formal and written as in this journal or with classmates on the way home, will help me learn, grow and develop as a nurse.ReferencesIreland, S. (March 2004). Presidents message. The Standard, 29 (1), 4. Sault College of Applied Arts Technology School of Health Community Services. (2008). Practical nursing program student success guide 2008-2009. Sault Ste Marie, ON.White, Lois. (2000). Foundations of Nursing Caring for the all in all Person. Albany,NY Cengage Learning

William Blakes poems Essay Example for Free

William Blakes poems EssayMuch of William Blakes poems are cynical and even satirical of a society who thought themselves to be almost perfect. He wanted people to question what they had always done, and whether it was morally right. He did so by using varying techniques that set up clashes amongst ideologies and value systems. From the poem The Chimney Sweeper from the Songs of purity and the poem London from Songs of Experience we see that employing poetic techniques to set up such clashes is relatively distinct in his poetry. These clashes are referable to changing ways of thinking which are also evident in Simon Langtons Pride and Prejudice.Jean Jacque Rousseau once said that universe is born free and everywhere he is in chains, which refers to the way weve devised political systems for ourselves that dont allow us to be free. These chains are evident in the poem Chimney sweeper. Blake employs the persona of a small boy, Tom Dacre .This itself is a technique, using the boy as the persona elevates him as an individual. He is no longer a young chimney sweeper, he has a name, he has feelings, emotions, all things, which are mostly unrecognized by the landed elite. Merely by employing the persona of a young chimney sweeper, Blake has set up a clash between ideologies and value systems .Within Pride and Prejudice these chains came in the form of hearty obligation. These social obligations repress Darcy from showing emotion and tried to pre-destine his future.The theme of individuality is continued as he states Theres little Tom Dacre who cried when his head/That curled like a Lambs back was shavd. However, Blake is now focusing on Toms loss of Individuality. This loss of individuality is due to his social status in the community. The use of imagery and similes once once more sets up a clash between the accepted use of children as chimney sweepers and the values that they lose their individuality as a result of it.In the poem London, Blake expresses hi s critique through the usage of a progression of symbols that spread out from the charterd street to encompass the whole city where the persona notices every bet he encounters marks of weakness, marks of woe. The city is therefore represented as an alienating and constricting environment and everybody is marked by it. Society marks individuals due to their family background and connections which restricts the acceptance of Elizabeth Bennet by Lady Catherine De Bourgh who states but who is your mother, Lady De Bourgh reminds Elizabeth her mother was not born into a landed elite family and recommends Elizabeth not to rather the sphere in which she belongsWithin the poem The Chimney Sweeper there is conflict regarding the Church of England. The chimney sweepers discussed in the poem are not assisted by the church. The church can only stand by, inarticulate, faint and helpless while these suppressed children continue to carry out their inhumane tortures. The sweepers in a dream believ e an angel would come by Who had a bright key/ and opened the coffins and set them all free. This is a sign from god, yet it is symbolical of the church itself.Through the use of symbolism, Blake has set up a clash between the common belief that the church is perfect and good in every way, to the value they do nothing for these poor people who believe so ardently in them. These changing attitudes towards the church are reflected within Darwins theory of evolution. natural scientist Charles Darwin went against the traditional way of looking at the creation of man. The traditional belief of god created man was challenged by what he calls the origin of species. Darwin believed in natural filling which meant that random variations occurred within species and allowed them to dominate over other species without this variation, which is ultimately meant survival of the fittest.It is clearly evident through the poems London and The Chimney Sweeper from the Songs of Experience and Innocence respectively, that Blakes poetry, and Simon Langtons Pride and Prejudice depict changing way of thinking in the late 18th century, as conflict between ideologies and values systems takes place. It is tradition that keeps societies, families and communities under control, but when these traditions are challenged, conflict with obviously increase and a new value systems and ideologies will be introduced into society.

Design and Construction of Liquefaction Tank

Design and Construction of Liquefaction TankChapter 3. MethodologyAs mentioned in introductory chapters, the objective of the project is to design and construct a liquefaction ice chest to be use during geotechnical engineering lectures and laboratory sessions to demonstrate the liquefaction phenomenon fundamental concept.Existing liquefaction modelsThe liquefaction demonstration storage armored combat vehicle is not anything new. In fact, it is a classic in a geotechnical engineering program. This demonstration experiment tends to leave a lasting impression on the students mind. It is low-cal to find numerous figures and pictures of a basic quick horse sense model. For example, Holtz and Kovacs (1981) demonstrate a conceptual design diagram of a liquefaction tank, as shown in figure 3.1. The model consists of two tanks. The piss tank is at the bottom and the top tank contains sand. A pump is used to pump the water from the bottom tank into the sand tank, creates the upwardly liquify in the quicksand tank. Flowing through the porous stone grade at the bottom of the sand tank, the upward water pressure is distributed evenly all over the entire base of the sand layer, keeping the centerwater pressure unceasing throughout. Number of piezometers is installed without delay onto the sand tank at different level, which enables water heads within the quicksand tank during the experiment to be observed and readings to be taken.From the literature research, there are two alert quicksand models built at other universities, pictures of which are obtained. Essentially, the concept is homogeneous in both tanks. There are two separate containers, one on the top contains sand specimen and a tank with water at the bottom that will be used to fill and drain the sand tank into. Figure 3.2 shows the model at the University of Illinois which is very similar to the diagram in figure 3.1. The other liquefaction tank shown in figure 3.3 is built at the Nanyang Technol ogical University, Singapore. Instead of using pump, a standpipe is used to create and control the upwards flows in the sand tank. Also the piezometers in this model are installed on a separated board. Using flexible tubes, they are connected to valves installed at the font of the tank. A dial-gauge used to measure the vertical settlement of the object on top of the sand mass when it liquefies.Design of the modelAfter evaluating all of the existent liquefaction models, an outline drawing including all dimensions and key features was drawn as shown in figure 3.4. The main concept of the model is kept the same as those existing models. Utilising a hydraulic bench to contain water and support the sand tank, pump and water tank is not be needed. As for the liquefaction tank, there are numerous requirements that its design has to meet. First all of the tank, measured 500x500x700mm, must be make strong enough to support the pressure created by the sand and water mass (about 200kg) in si de. It excessively needs to be made water proof to prevent water from leaking out. One of the important requirements is that the tank must be transparent enough to enable a clear visual of the sand and the phenomenon happens in site to be observed.Taking all consideration into account, the sand tank is made out of fabricated Perspex panels glued together using impermeable glue. Similar to the model at the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, atomic number 23 piezometers are installed on a separated board and connected to the tank using flexible tubes. This enables the model to be moved around safer and easier compared with rigid piezometers installed on the tank due to the fundamental height required. The tank also has two valves one on side acting as the inlet and out let, which helps to control the upward flow intimate the tank. An overflow tube also is incorporated at the top. At each tube and valves connections, filter is used to prevent the sand particles from leaki ng out.Inside the tank, there cabaret plastic cylinders move at the bottom of the tank to support the mass. The sand will sit on a layer porous stone of 40mm buddy-buddy which contained by 2 layers of surface meshes with drilled holes. This allows the upward water flow to be distributed evenly over area of the sand mass base. Layers of geotextile are placed between the stone layer and the sand layer, which effectively stops the fine particles from leaking down to the porous stone layer. The sand was filled up to the height of the twenty percent piezometer which made up a total thickness of 430mm from the metal mesh base. The sand tank is placed on top of the hydraulic bench. There is also a steel frame support to be made in the future to secure the tank to the bench, enables it to be moved around safely.Based on these drawings, with the assistance of our departmental senior technicians, the tank was constructed as shown in figure 3.5. There is a small modification to the design , which the valves are not connected directly onto the side panel but through a thick layer of Perspex prevents any crack to occurs at the connections. Similar to the model at the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, a dial gauge attached to a steel bar place over the top of the tank, is used to measure the vertical settlement of the model. A metal string helps to secure the bodily building model to the steel bar, which enable the model to be taken out of the tank easily after completely drop into the sand mass.Testing materialsPorous stone layerAs described in the final design of the model, there is a porous stone layer with a thickness of 40mm placed between the sand and the mesh support. For this project, 10mm concrete aggregate was used to make up this stone layer. A sieve depth psychology was carried out on a 1 kg of sample to determine the grain size redistribution of this type of aggregate.Leighton turkey vulture sandOnce constructed, the model was used for demon strateing liquefaction resisting performance of number of different type of structures. For these tests, Leighton Buzzard Sand fraction C was used. This was supplied by the David Ball Group, Cambridge, UK, confirming to BS 1881-1311998. After do number of classification tests namely maximum and minimum density and sieve analysis on the 0.5kg sample, properties of the sand were determined as follows. Specific gravity of the Leighton Buzzard Sand fraction C was 2.65. Minimum and maximum dry densities were 1.40 g/cm3 and 1.68 g/cm3, respectively. These are value corresponding to the maximum and minimum void ratios which were mensural as 0.89 and 0.58, respectively. More than 80% of the coarse sand particles, which are rounded and mainly quartz, are between (around) 300 m and 600 m which meets the BS 1881-1311998 modular.Resisting structure modelsFor this project, three small models with similar system of weights were made, representing three different foundation designs as shown in figure 3.6. All three models have same shape, weight and made of the same materials. Table 3.1 shows the dimension and weight of the models. Models A represents pile foundation for high raise buildings and large infrastructures. Model B represents a exemplary mat foundation which is a shallow foundation for small and medium houses and apartment buildings. Model C acts as the control which is just a standard block structure without foundation.Testing proceduresTo enable a comparison of the performance of the different types of foundations, the liquefaction tank was used to create the quicksand condition, in which the model placed on top of the sand surface, starts to sink down when the top sand layer liquefied. As mentioned in the literature review, there are various factors that usher out inflowing the liquefaction susceptibility namely soil particle grain size, upwards seepage and level of compaction. For this experiment to be accurate, all of the above parameters were kept appr oximately constant from one test to the other. The same sand, Leighton Buzzard (fraction C) was used in all three tests. Initial water level within the tanks as well as the flow rate controlled by the inlet valve with also was kept the same.All nine supports were placed at the bottom of the liquefaction tank, followed by the metal mesh and the qeotextile layer. A 40mm thick layer of cleaned concrete aggregate was put on top of the geotextile and slightly compacted. Another layer of geotextile and metal mesh were put in beforehand pouring the sand in. The sand were poured into the tank and compacted evenly in three layers. Once the model and the dial gauge were installed on top of the tank, the experiment was fasten to run. While the outlet was completely closed, the inlet valve was opened to allow the water is pumped in the tank creating an upward flow, hence the change in pore water pressure between the sand particles and the increase in the water level in the piezometers. Hydrau lic heads reading from the piezometers at different levels were recorded periodically and later on used to determine pore water pressure inside the tank. As predicted by the theory, as the inlet, valve 1, is opened to let the water to flow in, the head at the bottom of the sand layer will gradually increase and eventually to a sufficient value which can wee-wee the sand to liquefy. The upward seepage forces will balance the downwards gravitational forces created by the sand mass. Hence rendering the shear strength of the sand to zero, any structure/object placed on top of the sand surface will sink in gradually sink into the sand mass. The substantial procedure of the test will be recorded using a digital camera for reference when analyzing the data.As can be noticed form the figure 3.5, a small amount of blue dye was added to all five piezometers, to enhance the visibility of the water level inside the tube, especially when pickings pictures and video. This can cause the non unit y density of the liquid inside the whole length of the tube and result in the inaccurate measurements of the heads in the tank. However, since the amount of dye is minimal and taking the non unity of the water inside the tank, it is assumed that the head represented by the piezometers is approximately same as the head inside the tanks. In fact, this can be shown in figure 3.7, where inlet and outlet valves are closed, the water level inside the tank is stationary. The different in heads caused by the non unity of the fluid can hardly be seen in all five piezometer.Data collectionLiquefaction is a phenomenon that tends to occur very quickly. Therefore manual readings taking from all five piezometers are difficult and not very accurate. For this project, a digital camera was used to capture pictures at interval and record a video of the whole experiment.From the reading of the piezometers, porewater pressures at different level inside the tank will be calculated during the whole exper iments. From these data, graph of settlement against porewater pressure will be plotted for each experiment. Since all other parameters were kept constant from one test to the other, excepts for the type of foundation used, therefore difference between graphs will enable a comparison between the different type of foundation to be drawn.

A Soldier Always At War English Literature Essay

A Soldier Always At War English Literature EssayMany warf atomic number 18 veterans have a hard time adjusting to manner after war. What happened in the war is incessantly on their mind. What they went through was so tragic that they cannot forget somewhat what happened. Krebs in Earnest Hemingways Soldiers Home is struggling to adapt to normal life after coming home from World War I. He is not the analogous person he was before the war, I dont love anybody (169). His view on the world is different. He even sees women in a different way than he did before, Besides he did not really need a girl. The army had taught him that (166). Krebs came home from the war later than most of the other soldiers. People in his hometown do not have the patients to listen to his war stories. He whitethorn feel that people do not understand what he went through His town had comprehend too more atrocity stories to be thrilled by actualities (165). It also may make him feel like he is different than every one and only(a) else. Since no one motivations to hear close his stores, and he does not want to arrive any consequences of living in a civilized manner, he can never turn tail on in his life from the war. The saying you cant go home again relates to Krebs because the war is always on his mind and he cannot escape it.Hemmingway makes a clear distinction in the story between the two names that Krebs goes by. His family still calls him Harold the text refers to him by Krebs. Before the war, Krebs is known as Harold. Harold was an innocent boy. His life was simple. He did not have a great deal experience of the world. He had enlisted to the war from a Methodist college. He enlisted to the Marines most likely because galore(postnominal) of his friends enlisted. Like many whom enlisted during the time, he had not had any experience in the battlefield. The death of his friends, and fellow people that he knew was tragic. The death he saw from the war scarred him. His family al ways knows him as Harold I had a talk with your father last night, Harold (167). After the war though, Krebs left behind a part of himself foul in Europe. He never talks about how bad the battles were. He was in some of the bloodiest battles in the war. He never talks about them because he does not want to relive them. The battles changed him because he saw so much death. He is no longer Harold. The war had such an impact on him that he turned into a completely different person. No one recognizes this new person.Other than the change of names the war changed Krebss view on women. In Europe it was all about the sex. He does not want a relationship with a woman in his own town because relationships are complicated, and he does not want to take any risks and lose anything else. Krebs did not have to communicated much with the French or German girls, But he would not go through all the lecture (167). Having a relationship is too much exit for Krebs. All he cares about it the sex, You couldnt talk much and you did not need to talk (167). Doing all the work to get a girl is too much work. Krebs just returned home and is not used to the women. At Germany he did not have to do much to get attention from them There is a picture which shows him on the Rhine with two German girls and another corporal. Krebs and the corporal look too big for their uniforms. The German girls are not beautiful (165). The only way that he could have a relationship is to more on from what happened from the war, but he is having too much of a hard time.Krebss family knows that he needs to move on from the war. They try to encourage him to drive the family car. They likely do this so that Krebs can have more freedom. They may think that letting him have the ability to drive the family car will make him want to do other things like getting a trading or going back to school He thinks you have wooly your ambitions, that you havent got a definite aim in life (169). Krebs says he loves no one, because he does not want to take any consequences. They wanted him to get a job but, Krebs does not want to do it. His induce is probably the most horrific person to want him to move on. She prayed for him to try to give him some hope, but Krebs does not think much of it. He does not want to do what his mother and father ask him to do, because he wants to live a simple life. He no long has any ambition like his father predicts. He lost that during the war. He sees his sister play baseball because she is much like he wants to be. Young, innocent, and simple. That is what Krebs wants to be after the war.Krebs may never go back to who he formerly was. He has to move on from the war to be able to achieve anything in his life. He is always remembering what happened in the war. He wishes he was back in Germany sometimes. He also needs to tell people about his stories without lying about it. Before he left the war, he fit in well with his hometown. Now he is an outcast to everyone. He w ill not take any chances in life anymore. He saw too many people die in the war from taking chances. The saying you cant go home again may live with Krebs his entire life. His views may never change. He may never move on. His family still knows his as Harold, but he will remain to be Krebs as long as he decides.

Management Essays Force Field Analysis

precaution Essays Force Field compendForce Field Analysis One of the vital dents for organizational revolution is the subprogram of the Force Field Analysis. According to Wilson (2000, p. 207), most billets that have something to do with work whoremonger be fancy as having devil sets of drags those that encourage the situation and those that prevent or discourage it. Driving jampacks argon those sticks or factors variety show a situation which atomic number 18 energy in a particular armorial bearing (Jenkins). Driving forces tend to initiate a substitute and keep it going. Res reproduction forces may be wantned to walls or barriers (Jenkins). They and spew a stop and prevent movements towards improvements. These forces ar acting to restrain or subside the control forces.In any group or organization, there ar both driving and restraining forces at times of change. The Force Field Analysis suggests ways of dealing with these opposing forces. With reference to this model, analyze the essential stages in the change process, the characteristics of crises and conflict, and the autobusial approaches for successfully implementing change.Introduction Many years ago, Kurt Lewin told us that the best way to sympathize an ecesis is to try to change it (Carter, et al, 2001 p. 4).Different organisations have a number of barriers and challenges to strike. These empennage be both from their external and internal environments. These barriers constitute a force for change. channel has always been iodin of the main features of organisational life. It may non always be welcomed and desir fitting but it is proving to be the one of the main constant in todays changing environment. An organisation that does not recognize change is an organisation that has ceased to exist in the real world.Organisations respond to divergent challenges in different ways. Most of these challenges are brought headspring-nigh by the emergence of novel technologies, ne w competitors, new markets, and new customer demands (Harvard). These challenges bring about the need to embrace organisational change in structure, culture, and process.If organisations are contemplating changes, then it will be helpful to determine what forces are acting for or against these changes. As these organisations are moving about and implementing change, they are constantly being bombarded with environmental, social, economic, political, and leadership challenges and pressures. These challenges breed different types of forces. Carefully analyzing the forces that bring about these challenges tin help organisations decide, control, and implement relaxationd change programs in difficult and uncertain times.A model of change calls for identifying the different ways of dealing with these forces by understanding and following the change process, the identification and resolution of crisis and conflicts, and the different managerial approaches to successfully implementing cha nge.Force Field AnalysisOne of the vital tools for organizational transformation is the use of the Force Field Analysis. According to Wilson (2000, p. 207), most situations that have something to do with work can be envisioned as having two sets of forces those that encourage the situation and those that prevent or discourage it. Driving forces are those forces or factors affecting a situation which are pushing in a particular direction (Jenkins). Driving forces tend to initiate a change and keep it going. Restraining forces may be likened to walls or barriers (Jenkins). They only put a stop and prevent movements towards improvements. These forces are acting to restrain or decrease the driving forces.When driving forces are countered by restraining forces, a certain take aim of equilibrium develops. This equilibrium can be raised or lowered by changes in the relationship between the driving force and the restraining force.Sometimes, in order to maintain this equilibrium, driving f orces may be increased or decreased. In the course of doing so however, profital restraining forces may emerge. Different forces can be modified by reducing or removing forces, blossomability or adding forces, and changing the direction of forces.Force product line epitome is a management technique developed by Kurt Lewin, a pioneer in the vault of heaven of social sciences for diagnosing situations (Accel-team). It is often useful when looking at the variables acquired in mean and implementing a change program and in trying to overcome resistance to change and inertia. It is also widely used to inform decision-making and planning and implementing change management programs in different organizations. As a vital tool in organisational change, it can identify the relative priority of factors on each side of organizational issues. It can also be used to analyse the forces affecting these issues and situations.Force Field Analysis Process This analytic thinking is carried out with a group using a flip chart or overhead transparency. Usually, the foremost step is to assess the current situation and agree on the goal of the policy or institutional change. This goal should be written between two columns. All the forces for change (usually, driving forces) and encouraging improvements should be listed on one column and all forces against change (restraining forces) in the other. The next step is to try to constitute the weight of each force, that is, how much influence is being exerted by that force using a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 denotes a sluttish influences and 5 denotes a strong influence. Equilibrium is usually achieved when the sum of the weights of the driving forces equals the sum of the weights of the restraining forces.Force Field Analysis as a Model of Change Wilson (2000, p. 224) says that for most organisations that are about to embark on change process, one of the first go is for senior managers to spend time reviewing strategies and explo ring alternatives. This process may involve away days, seminars, and conferences. Another strategy is to define specific problems and ask specific questions related to the different problems. This may be a difficult task considering the take aim of energy needed to break the opposition to change and inertia. For example, in analyzing how to improve and increase the number of enrollees in most higher education institutions, questions like, why dont we change the way we screen and accept students or what are the forces which are keeping our strategies in their present trend? The education sector is in a actually competitive environment nowadays. Colleges and universities around the world are keen on attracting an even greater number of students even from distant places through different online programs.However, as school administrators are slowly exploring deeper into the root causes of falling number of college students, it becomes clearer that there may be some strong forces preve nting substantial changes in strategies from occurring as well as strong forces pressing toward changing the nature of the entire educational system. in that respect might be several forces which point toward more acceptable levels of book binding techniques and even ways of attracting prospective college studentsStudents desire more flexible schedules and more convenient ways of dealing with their instructors.College entrance examinations may not always be the most reliable way of screening and evaluating prospective college students.Technology makes it executable for education related services to simulate traditional classroom environments and interactions. In addition to these forces, schools desire to be the center of excellence on specific fields of learning. Today, schools are continually trying to improve on all the aspects of their student services.There might be other forces which seem to be opposed to these changes. Some of these forces are1. Many faculty members in most colleges and universities lack formal training in technology-based educational system.2. Easing on the present method of screening students and experimenting with the unkn sustain makes everyone involved feel insecure.3. Testing with new scheduling methods may be risky and can contribute to the deterioration of classroom instructions and the quality of other services.During the clarification stage of the change process, one of the goals of this stage is to be able to clarify misconceptions and provide the forum and venue where doubts can be raised and addressed properly. Identifying the driving and restraining forces are concentrated on reaching a plebeian understanding of what the proposed changes would mean and how it relates to the entire organisation. One of the driving forces is the need to see and visualize the short and long term benefits of any proposed changes. The restraining force may be the lack of specific and detailed information and supporting documentation with reg ards to the proposed changes.During the implementation phase of the change process, it is necessary to attain a certain level of success. later having clarified some goals, senior management can spend more time developing clear measures of success. Some of the driving and restraining forces can be come to on how and when to measure the success of the implemented changes.In each stage of the change process, it is crucial to attain a certain level of equilibrium so that change can be sustained and be kept going.Force Field Analysis ExampleThe force field analysis has been used in diverse fields ranging from organisational change to self-development.In another example of using the force field analysis for change, let us examine the goal of one manufacturing company. This manufacturing company would like to use new strategies and new technologies in their marketing operations. The driving and restraining force are sorted on common themes and are prioritized harmonise to their magnitu de towards change by assigning a score or rating to each force, ranging from 1 to 5 where 1 denotes a weak force and 5 as the strong force.Driving forces Score/ gradeCustomers want new information on products 4Improve speed of information sales talk to customers 3Raise level of product awareness 4Marketing follows are increasing 3___________Total 14Restraining forces Score/RatingLoss of staff overtime 2Staff frightened by new technologies 3Environmental impact of new technologies 3High cost of new technologies 3Disruption to daily marketing operations 2___________Total 13Based on the previous example, it is clear that the driving forces are pushing for new ways of marketing products and services. One of the new technologies which can be used to market these products and services can be the use of web-based technologies and the Internet. The use of the web provides customers a lot of opportunities to gain access to real-time information at a much faster rate compared to traditional marketing techniques like the printing and distribution of card catalogs containing new product information and specifications. This strategy also raises the level of awareness of these products and services as it can cover a wider customer base. Although initially, investing on new technologies can be cost-prohibitive, in the long run, as marketing costs related to printing and manpower lastly rises, the use of web and Internet technologies may prove to be much more cheaper in the long run.One of the restraining forces is the loss of staff overtime. It is one restraining force because these overtimes provide additional pay to employees and it would make it more difficult for these employees to come to terms with these losses due to changes in marketing strategies. The use of the web intimately lessens the need to do overtime marketing jobs especially for those who are working on the field. Sometimes, the staff may be averse to the introduction of new technologies as there is alwa ys the degree of uncertainty and job loss to be brought about by them.Crisis and Conflicts Problem solving is often concerned with shifting the balance (Wilson, p.207). As organisations adapt changes, certain relationships are created, certain policies are changed, and some techniques are developed. In handling conflicts and crisis brought about by change, the force field analysis can help identify the different forces that bring about negative and positive feedbacks and reactions from people. Individuals are being asked to give up practices, relationships, attitudes, and sometimes emotions (Wilson, p. 218). In trying to conciliate conflicts and crisis situations associated with planned changes, the force field analysis can reduce or remove the force that is causing the conflict situation. It can also stretch or add new forces to counter another force. In certain instances where conflicts cannot be resolved through the addition or removal of certain forces, changing the direction o f these forces can be an alternative. If organisations are to put a new philosophy in conflict resolution, then they are adding a new driving force.Managerial Approaches for Successfully Implementing ChangeIt is a must for organisations undergoing change to create effective processes and approaches for the planning and management of change (Pieters, p.119). Managing change through the use of the force field analysis may inevitably bring forth new ways of identifying factors that can contribute to the success or failure of the change process. Management of change processes must consider not only short term goals but also long term ones. The force field analysis can be seen as the framework in diagnosing interrelationships between the intervening variables in the organisational setup.Management approaches in organisational change should not upset the equilibrium. Sometime, top level managements desire to achieve and see immediate results through increased profits and productivity by i ncreasing the driving forces can breed different sets of restraining forces. A manager that is autocratic and imposes high working standards and discipline on the entire organisation can expect to achieve an immediate increase in widening in the short term. However, new restraining forces may develop in the form of increased antagonism and hostility towards the manager and the organisation in general. It may sacrifice discontentment, disillusionment, and increased resistance to change. By the time a new manager takes over, there would already be an increased activity related to the different restraining forces which can cause lower productivity and output. This new equilibrium may need a new set of managerial approaches in order to stabilize the situation. The manager may see the need to increase output and productivity right away but may try another approach. He may not immediately increase the driving forces but might even try to lessen the restraining forces by engaging in dial ogs and other problem solving techniques. With the possible elimination of hostility and negative attitudes towards management, in the long term, the equilibrium (increased productivity) needed to attain a certain level of increased productivity may grow to be achieved through increase in skills and commitment to organisational objectives.It is also important to develop the habits of participative work since it is likely possible that the identification of the different forces can come from the different levels of the organisation (Harvard). Specifically, some of these approaches are the followingPush the decision making down to the lowest possible. The identification of the root causes of problems and the possible solutions to these problems can be found on those that are in the frontline.Begin sharing information freely. By sharing information freely, members of the organisation are encouraged to share their own problems and experiences.Make communication a two way street. It is important to talk and listen at the same time.Eliminate unnecessary symbols of hierarchy and unequal status. These symbols can come in the form of executive lunch rooms and parking spaces.Encourage participatory management. It is important to keep in mind that everyone is also subject of managing different aspects of their life.Get into the trenches with frontline employees and encourage other managers to do the same. This management approach would be construed as a way of bridging the gap between management and the workforce. accord people practice in collaborative work between functions by attacking projects and problems through cross-functional teams. This approach encourages more interaction and communication not only between management and the employees but from among the employees themselves. Help people see the why of change, and work with them to discover the what. It is easy to explain and understand the need for change. What is difficult to understand and see is the why. There are interlocking problems and complex issues that need to be simplified for every individual to see. With respect o cultural change, the following steps and approaches should be consideredUncover beliefs and values.Acknowledge, respect, and discuss differences between core values and beliefs of different sub cultures within the organisation. Look for incongruencies between conscious and unconscious beliefs and values and resolve by choosing those to which the organisation wishes to commit. ConclusionIt is assumed that in any situation, there are driving and restraining forces that influence any change that can occur. Organisations that are planning some form of changes need to be able to adopt a specific change model that would address most of the issues and problems that would be associated with it.The force field analysis can be a good model for change. This analysis provides a lot of opportunities for organisations contemplating on change to view different situations and id entify different sets of forces that can directly influence the change process, conflict and crisis resolution, and managerial approaches to these changes. It also allows the organisation to weigh these forces and adopt priority measures based on the strengths of these forces. In general, it agency that the organisation has gotten into grips with the problems that they are currently experiencing and have thought of all the consequences of all the possible solutions. Driving forces tend to initiate change while restraining forces tend to decrease or even stop the driving forces from initiating change. The current setup of todays organisations and the way they adapt to changing environments influenced by a lot of factors and forces makes the force field analysis one of the best models in managing and implementing organisational change. The harsh reality of life nowadays encourages the removal of restraining forces rather than develop overpowering and driving forces. These strategies provide one of the strongest analytical tools yet for organisational change.BibliographyDuck, Jeanie (2001), The Change Monster, Crown Business, New York.Harvard Business Essentials (2003), Managing Change Transition, Harvard BusinessCarter, L et al (2001), Best Practices in organizational Development and Change, Wiley, San Francisco.Kanter, Rosabeth (1992), The Challenge of Organizational Change, Free Press, Canada.Nutt, Paul (1992), Managing Planned Change, McMillan, Singapore.Pieters, Gerald (2000), The Ever-Changing Organization Creating the Capacity for Continuous Change, Learning, and Improvement, St. Lucie Press, Florida.Wilson, Graham (2000), Problem Solving, 2nd edn, Kogan Page, London.Jenkins, David (1949), Force Field Analysis Applied to a School Situation, RetrievedMay 30, 2005 from http//www.crossroad.to/Quotes/brainwashing/force-field.htm.Force Field Analysis, Retrieved May 28, 2005 fromhttp//www.pyswww.com/mtsite/forcefield.html.Force Field Analysis, Retrieved May 30, 2005 from http//www.Asem.org/conferences/2004/conferenceproceedings/koplyay150.pdfTeam Building Force Field Analysis, Retrieved May 28, 2005 fromhttp//www.accel-team.com/techniques/force_field_analysis.htmlsustainable Change Management, Retrieved May 29, 2005 fromhttp//www.challengequest.com/pdf/sustainable_change_management.pdfOrganizational Culture Change Process, Retrieved May 30, 2005 fromhttp//www.soi.,org/readaing/change/process.shtml

Human Beings and Their Control Over Nature in the Twentieth Century Ess

Human Beings and Their Control Over Nature in the Twentieth Century end-to-end the history of western civilization, the human race has had a continuing relationship with nature and the environment. Progress has improved the way in which human beings use indispensable resources and the ways in which they work together to improve the quality of life. Developments in science and technology of the ordinal-century learn greatly improved the way that humans interact. As the technological advancements of the twentieth-century progressed from the disc overy of vaccinations to computer age technology, humans have learned to take a considerable amount of control over their lives and the environment as compared to the past, in which humans had very little control over nature. These progressions have had positive and negative effects on society. Positively, medical research has been able to appropriate the human race to lengthen life span and improve the work of genetics. Science has connected the globe through computer technology. The negative aspects of progression have some far-reaching consequences, such as new forms of imperialism, the atomic bomb, and destruction of the environment. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, poor living conditions and disease plagued western civilization. Europeans had little control over their environment. The Old Regime way of life caused a fear of change and new ways of thinking were usually condemned. The economy of subsistence reflected the general outlook of society. pocketable or no growth took place. The mindset during this time period was, in fact, better safe than sorry. Improvements, however, were made during the Industrial Revolution and throughout the twentieth centur... .... 9. Rogers 524. 10. Rogers 524. 11. Rogers 528. 12. Rogers 385. 13. Rogers 535. 14. Rogers 382. 15. Donald Kagan, et al, The Western Heritage Brief Edition Volume II Since 1648 (Upper Saddle River NJ Pre ntice Hall, Inc., 1996) 697. 16. Kagan 747. 17. Kagan 747. Bibliography - Riehl, Nikolaus and Frederick Seitz. Stalins Captive Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb. The United States of America American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundation, 1996. This book largely details the experiences of the scientist, Nikolaus Riehl, who spent 10 years as a captive of the Soviet Union. He worked on the production of pure uranium for the Soviet nuclear bomb program. This relates to the topic of Human Beings and Their Control Over Nature with respect to the production of nuclear weapons.

Use of Duality in Alfred Hitchcock’s Shadow of a Doubt :: Movie Film Essays

Use of Duality in Alfred Hitchcocks Shadow of a DoubtAlfred Hitchcocks Shadow of a Doubt utilizes dualism to convey the juxtaposition of good and evil. The dualism expressed throughout the film is not only done through the use of juxtaposing characters, it is also accomplished through the use of dualism inwardly a character, as well as the literal duality of people as being placed in shots as twos. This element allows the earshot to be drawn in, creating intrigue and mystery around the plot and the characters, because the audience now wants to figure out the strange behavior that is being exhibited. Having the dualism of the two Charlies allows the idea of them being two sides of one person to come out. Young Charlie is an innocent young woman, while Uncle Charlie is a murderer. The two unwrapm to have a connection thats deeper than the average niece and uncle relationship. This connection allows the dualism of the two Charlies to take on a life of its own and create a game of t rue cat and mouse or the struggle between hate and love of oneself. The dualism that Hitchcock wants to create with the two Charlies is similar with the way he juxtaposes the all-American small town family with the Merry-Widow manslayer Uncle Charlie. Its as though Hitchcock is making a social commentary on the nature of human beings, that we all have good and evil in spite of appearance us, the idea is choosing the part that will be expressed in your daily life.The ending of the film follows the dualism that is exhibited throughout the film. Uncle Charlie gets killed (the good won over the evil) and during his eulogy we see young Charlie talking about Uncle Charlie and his actions juxtaposed by the wonderful things being said about him in the eulogy. This blatantly points out the dualism that Hitchcock works hard to incorporate throughout the entire movie.